SANS ISC: Protect your privates!

• SANS Site Network
  • Current Site
  • SANS Internet Storm Center
  • Other SANS Sites Help
  • Graduate Degree Programs
  • Security Training
  • Security Certification
  • Security Awareness Training
  • Penetration Testing
  • Industrial Control Systems
  • Cyber Defense Foundations
  • DFIR
  • Software Security
  • Government OnSite Training

SANS ISC InfoSec Forums

In view of all the brute force attacks still being attempted against Secure Shell (SSH), we have long since been extolling the virtues of forgoing passwords and moving to RSA/DSA keys instead.

While key based login indeed nicely addresses the problem of password guessing attacks, it looks like many a Unix admin has been less than diligent in the implementation. In pretty much every Unix security audit recently, we've come across unprotected or badly protected SSH private keys (id_dsa, id_rsa). Some reside plain flat out in the open, in /tmp and such. Others are found in world-readable tar "backup" archives of user and administrator home directories. Some are even built into home-grown Linux RPM and Solaris PKG packages, ready to be plucked off an install server.

It probably goes without saying, but let's repeat it nonetheless:

• Whoever can access a TAR/ZIP/GZ archive, can read all its contents. Be super careful when you create a "temporary" archive copy of everything residing in a home directory. This copy is bound to include the ".ssh" directory, and the private keys therein
• Whoever can access a RPM or PKG package, can read all its contents. Yes it is "convenient" to have the SSH keys that are part of your home-grown admin script suite already within the install package. But then don't be surprised if others make use of this convenience, too.

In a Unix penetration test within a company or academic institution network, we often first go looking for files and directories that can be read without authentication. Most large organizations have an "install server" from where they stage their new Unix systems, and often we find these install servers to openly share the package filesystem over NFS for"everyone". Other good choices are home directories, all too often also exported via NFS to "everyone". Once read access is established, we can go hunting:

$find /mnt/some_exported_fs \( -name "id_dsa" -o -name "id_rsa" \) -exec ls -ald \{\} \;
$find /mnt/some_exported_fs -type d -name ".ssh" -exec ls -al \{\} \;
$find /mnt/some_exported_fs -type f -name "*.tar" -print -exec tar tvf \{\} \; | egrep "(^/|id_dsa|id_rsa|.ssh)"

...etc. Adapt as needed for your environment.

To better protect your privates, please consider to

1. add a passphrase for all private keys that are used interactively. "ssh-keygen -p" can be used to add a passphrase to an existing private key
2. use a forced command for all private keys that are used in system automation, to limit the abuse potential. Use "command=/bin/foo/bar" in an authorized_keys file to limit what the corresponding private key can do

Keys without passphrase look differently from those that have one. If you want to make sure that your users also protect their privates, you can (as root) search for keys without passphrase with the following command

#find / \( -name "id_dsa" -o -name "id_rsa" \) -exec egrep -L "Proc-Type" \{\} \; 2>/dev/null

Newer DSA/RSA Keys contain the string "Proc-Type" as part of the key file when a password is set on the key. The above command lists all those key files where this isn't the case ("egrep -L")

If you got additional tips on how to protect SSH private keys on Unix, or how to best locate misplaced / unprotected private keys, please let us know.